Historical Origin of Trout Farming in Kenya: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Abstract

Rainbow trout farming in Kenya remains an underdeveloped yet high-potential sector within the country’s aquaculture industry, despite the availability of suitable ecological conditions in high-altitude regions. This review critically examines the historical evolution, current status, challenges, and future prospects of rainbow trout farming in Kenya, drawing on comparative insights from leading rainbow trout-producing nations. Introduced during the early 20th century for sport fishing, rainbow trout aquaculture has gradually transitioned into a commercial enterprise, albeit at a limited scale. Despite increasing consumer demand and premium market value, the industry faces significant constraints, including inadequate seed supply, high feed costs, climate variability, weak market infrastructure, regulatory inefficiencies, and limited research and extension support. The reliance on imported fingerlings and feeds exacerbates production costs, making the sector less competitive. Furthermore, climate change-induced water scarcity and rising water temperatures threaten cold-water aquaculture, necessitating urgent adaptation strategies. Drawing lessons from global industry leaders, such as Norway, Chile, and India, this review highlights strategic interventions for optimizing Kenya’s rainbow trout farming industry, including strengthening hatchery systems, developing cost-effective local feed, enhancing climate-smart farming technologies, and establishing structured market linkages. Policy reforms and increased investment in research, extension services, and environmental conservation are crucial for unlocking the untapped potential of rainbow trout aquaculture. If effectively harnessed, rainbow trout farming could contribute significantly to national fish production, rural livelihoods, and economic growth while promoting environmental sustainability.