Optimizing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) production: effects of substrate variation on biomass, nutritional quality, hatchability, fecundity, and frass quality

Abstract

Insects such as the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) are increasingly recognized for their potential to convert organic waste into high-quality protein and fertilizer inputs, contributing to circular bioeconomy models. However, the type of substrate used significantly affects BSF production performance.