IPCC Tier 1 methodology overestimates the carbon footprint of smallholder cattle production systems in Kenya

Abstract

Highlights• Use of Tier 2 resulted in 19-25% lower total GHG emissions compared to Tier 1.• Using locally measured methane yield instead of the defaults resulted in 19-25% lower GHG emission estimates.• Energy allocation method results in lower milk EI compared to using protein output.