Medical Laboratory Science
https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3530
2024-03-29T15:24:57ZEvaluation of changes in coagulation factors in fresh frozen plasma during storage at -18°C for 5 weeks at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital.
https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/5695
Evaluation of changes in coagulation factors in fresh frozen plasma during storage at -18°C for 5 weeks at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital.
Collince O. Ogolla, Rodgers N. Demba
Background: Fresh frozen plasma is a critical substitute therapy in management of bleeding.
Increased risk of venous thrombosis has been described to be associated with high plasma levels
of several coagulation factors.
Methodology: This study was a longitudinal study involving time series analysis of fresh frozen
plasma stored at -18°C for five weeks. A sample of 180 ml plasma was obtained from the blood
centrifuged at 4000rpm which was aliquoted into three parts each containing 60ml. The first
aliquot was used to assess the changes in coagulation factors in FFP at baseline during the first
week of sample collection, the second aliquot was used to assess the changes in coagulation
factors in FFP storage at -18°C temp after three weeks of storage, the third aliquot was used to
assess the changes in coagulation factors in FFP storage at -18°C temp after five weeks of
storage. Coagulation factor analysis was performed using Erba Mannheim ECL 105 coagulation
analyzer, India factor results recorded. Thawing for subsequent coagulation factor analysis and
serial testing of stored cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma was done using Stericox Plasma
Thawing Bath at 37°C, for 45 mins before before analyzing the samples. Standard storage
conditions for the aliquots were monitored and maintained to ensure homogeneity.
Results: The findings showed significant changes in the coagulation factors in FFP during
storage at -18 for a period to five weeks with chi-square value of 216.000 and asymptomatic
significance value (p-value) <0.0001* less than the standard alpha 0.05.
Conclusion: There was a constant decrease of coagulation factors in fresh frozen plasma during
storage at -18°C for 5 weeks at Kisii Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kisii County
2023-01-01T00:00:00ZDeterminants of Uptake of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Malaria among Pregnant Women in Suba Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya
https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/4184
Determinants of Uptake of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Malaria among Pregnant Women in Suba Sub-County, Homabay County, Kenya
Kenneth Otieno Omodhi, Charles Angira, Samson Ong’wen Adoka
Background: Intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) is one of the effective and efficacious interventions recommended for prevention of malaria in pregnancy. The drug of choice is Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) and Kenya adopted the use of IPTp in line with revised 2012 recommendation by WHO.
Method: A cross sectional study was carried out in Suba Sub County to established determinants of uptake of IPTp, from July 2017 to December 2019. The target population was women of reproductive age (15-49 years old) who had live births two years preceding the study and who visited ANC clinic. All health facilities providing ANC services were purposively selected and stratified Systematic random sampling technique was used to sample the mothers who had given birth during the last 24 months from ANC clients register. Quantitative data collection was carried out using questionnaires that were administered to respondents. All mother –child booklets were checked to confirm whether the respondent received IPTp during her last pregnancy.
Results: A total of 382 women who had live births two years prior to the study and who sought ANC services were interviewed. The study revealed that 59.5 % of respondents received three or more doses of IPTp-SP, with 17.2% receiving at least one dose. Women who attended ANC clinic three or more times had a higher odds of receiving three or more doses of IPTp-SP (OR=1.0), compared with women who attended clinic less than three times (OR=0.04).Women who stayed six or more Km away from health facility were less likely to receive three or more doses of IPTp-SP (OR=0.21). Women who took 30 or more minutes to reach health facility were most likely to receive three or more doses of IPTp –SP (OR=2.93) compared with women who took less than 30 minutes.
Conclusion: The study revealed that majority of pregnant women attended ANC clinic three or more times and not all women interviewed received the recommended three or more doses of IPTp.
2020-01-01T00:00:00ZKnowledge and perceptions on malaria and its association with aquatic habitats
https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3539
Knowledge and perceptions on malaria and its association with aquatic habitats
SO Adoka, DN Anyona, P Abuom, AS Matano, SK Gichere, T Okurut, WO Opiyo, D Othero, JM Vulule, AV Ofulla
Background: Malaria remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality among
children in Kenya. About 70 percent of the population is at risk of infection, and
roughly 34,000 young children die of malaria-related causes annually.
Objective: To investigate the knowledge and perceptions of the local people for malaria
in relation to aquatic habitats along the Kenyan Lake Victoria basin.
Design: Community-based cross-sectional study.
Setting: The Kenyan Lake Victoria basin Region.
Subjects: Two hundred and fourty three individuals (both women and men residing
in the beaches and surrounding areas) were interviewed about their knowledge and
perceptions regarding malaria.
Results: Mosquitoes were perceived to be the main cause of malaria. Most respondents
were familiar with the main signs and symptoms of mild malaria. Majority of the
respondents had poor knowledge of mosquito breeding habitats with 45% mentioning
the lake and only 18.6 and 8.9% mentioning ponds and dams, respectively. Most female
respondents did not know the difference between mosquitoes and lake flies, P=0.03,
Fishers exact test. The majority (97.5%) of the respondents reported seeking conventional
malaria treatment from health institutions.
Conclusion: Mosquitoes are perceived to be the main cause of malaria by both males
and females. A significant proportion of the respondents were familiar with the main
signs and symptoms of malaria and sought conventional medicine for treatment of
the disease. Most of the respondents, however, had poor knowledge on the breeding
habitats of mosquitoes. Concerted effort is needed to scale-up health education and
improve the knowledge of the community about mosquitoes and their breeding
habitats, particularly malaria vectors which do not breed in deep lake waters. Effective
anti-malarial drugs should also be available at the grassroots level where the problem
of malaria is rampant.
2011-01-01T00:00:00ZSpatial distribution and habitat characterization of schistosomiasis host snails in lake and land habitats of western K enya
https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3538
Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of schistosomiasis host snails in lake and land habitats of western K enya
Ayub V Ofulla, Samson O Adoka, Douglas N Anyona, Paul O Abuom, Diana Karanja, John M Vulule, Tom Okurut, Ally‐Said Matano, Gabriel O Dida, Tsuma Jembe, John Gichuki
Intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis were surveyed in this study to determine their abundance and distribution in
the lake and land aquatic habitats of Lake Victoria basin of Kenya. Several sites were sampled at eight locations, both in
the lake and on the land. The habitat and/or vegetation type (i.e. open water, hippo grass, hyacinth, ambatch trees, other
vegetation, stream, swamp, pond, dam) of the sampled aquatic sites within the locations were also differentiated, water
physicochemical parameters were determined, and the abundance of different species or taxa of phytoplankton and zooplankton were enumerated and correlated with the abundance of schistosomiasis snails in the sites. The results indicated
significantly more Biomphalaria sudanica snails than Bulinus africanus snails in different physical habitats on land (Student’s t-test, P < 0.05), as well as in different locations on land (Student’s t-test, P = 0.026). Regression analyses revealed
that several physicochemical parameters, including dissolved oxygen (R2 = 0.659; n = 8; P = 0.014), pH (R2 = 0.728;
n = 8; P = 0.007) and turbulence (R2 = 0.616; n = 8; P = 0.02), were predictive of Biomphalaria spp. abundance, while
pH (R2 = 0.610; n = 8; P = 0.02) and turbulence (R2 = 0.578; n = 8; P = 0.028) were predictive of Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations in the lake. Cyanobacteria (R2 = 0.638; n = 8; P = 0.02) and chlorophyceae (R2 = 0.50;
n = 8; P = 0.05) were shown to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. and Bulinus spp. abundance in different locations
in the lake. Zooplankton abundance varied significantly between different locations in the lake (One-way ANOVA,
P < 0.001). Bosmina spp. were found to be predictive of both Biomphalaria spp. (R2 = 0.627; n = 8; P = 0.01) and Bulinus spp. (R2 = 0.50; n = 8; P = 0.05) in different locations in the lake. The results from this study will help inform policy
regarding control measures for schistosomias and intermediate snail hosts in Lake Victoria waters, as well as in adjacent
terrestrial aquatic habitats and even beyond.
2013-01-01T00:00:00ZDistribution and abundance of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis host snails along the Mara River in Kenya and Tanzania
https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3537
Distribution and abundance of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis host snails along the Mara River in Kenya and Tanzania
Gabriel O Dida, Frank B Gelder, Douglas N Anyona, Ally-Said Matano, Paul O Abuom, Samson O Adoka, Collins Ouma, Canisius K Kanangire, Phillip O Owuor, Ayub VO Ofulla
We purposively selected 39 sampling sites along the Mara River and its two perennial tributaries of Amala
and Nyangores and sampled snails. In addition, water physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity,
dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity, salinity and pH) were taken to establish their influence on the snail
abundance and habitat preference. Out of the 39 sites sampled, 10 (25.6%) had snails. The snail species
encountered included Biomphalaria pfeifferi Krauss the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni Sambon,
Bulinus africanus the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium, and Lymnaea natalensis Krauss the
intermediate host of both Fasciola gigantica and F. hepatica Cobbold. Ceratophallus spp., a non-vector snail
was also encountered. Most (61.0%) of the snails were encountered in streamside pools. Schistosomiasistransmitting host snails, B. pfeifferi and B. africanus, were fewer than fascioliasis-transmitting Lymnaea
species. All the four different snail species were found to be attached to different aquatic weeds, with
B. pfeifferi accounting for over half (61.1%) of the snails attached to the sedge, followed by B. africanus and
Lymnaea spp., accounting for 22.2 and 16.7%, respectively. Ceratophallus spp. were non-existent in sedge. The
results from this preliminary study show that snails intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis and fascioliasis
exists in different habitats, in few areas along the Mara River, though their densities are still low to have any
noticeable impacts on disease transmission in case they are infected. The mere presence of the vector snails in
these focal regions calls for their immediate control and institution of proper regulations, management, and
education among the locals that can help curtail the spread of the snails and also schistosomiasis and
fascioliasis within the Mara River basin.
2014-01-01T00:00:00ZCommunity perceptions of schistosomiasis transmission, prevalence and control in relation to aquatic habitats in the Lake Victoria basin of Kenya
https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/3536
Community perceptions of schistosomiasis transmission, prevalence and control in relation to aquatic habitats in the Lake Victoria basin of Kenya
SO Adoka, DN Anyona, PO Abuom, GO Dida, D Karanja, JM Vulule, T Okurut, AS Matano, SK Gichere, AVO Ofulla
Background: Intestinal schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni and urinary
schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium are widely distributed parasites in
several localities of the Lake Victoria basin of Kenya, the former being more prevalent.
In Kenya, transmission of the intestinal form of bilharzia (S. mansoni) tends to be
closely confined to narrow zones along the shores of large bodies of water such as Lake
Victoria where it is endemic and the intermediate host is found. The prevalence of S.
mansoni along the Kenyan Lake Victoria basin ranges between 40% and 80%.
Objective: To assess the community’s knowledge and perceptions of schistosomiasis
prevalence, transmission and control in relation to aquatic habitats in the Lake Victoria
basin of Kenya.
Design: Community-based cross-sectional study.
Setting: The Kenyan Lake Victoria basin.
Subjects: Two hundred and forty three individuals (both women and men residing
in the beaches and surrounding areas) were interviewed about their knowledge and
perceptions regarding schistosomiasis.
Results: The community regarded schistosomiasis as a naturalistic disease not caused
by supernatural forces but by an agent of contamination in water. Knowledge on
schistosomiasis transmission and control was low, with 42% of the respondents having
no idea on how schistosomiasis is contracted, while 22% and 18% of the respondents
mentioned contact with contaminated water and drinking / eating dirty water / food,
respectively. Most respondents were familiar with the snails’ habitats, but had poor
knowledge on aquatic plants harbouring snails, as 57% of the respondents did not
know about aquatic plants being associated with schistosomiasis snails. Only 3% of
the respondents associated snails with schistosomiasis transmission. Sixty percent
(60%) of the respondents mentioned use of tablets and injections as means of treating
schistosomiasis, while 38% had no idea how it is treated and 2% mentioned use of
local herbs and services of medicine men.
Conclusion: Majority of Kenyan Lake Victoria basin inhabitants had little awareness
about schistosomiasis despite high prevalence of the disease in the region. There is need
to adapt prevention and control strategies to the people’s livelihoods. There is also need
to target the less advantaged members of the community such as women, uneducated
and subsistence farmers for intense health education strategies aimed at increasing
participation in the control of schistosomiasis. Study to elicit divergence between
biomedical and local understandings of schistosomiasis/bilharzia is suggested
2014-01-01T00:00:00Z