School of Environment and Earth Sciencehttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/7112024-03-28T19:05:17Z2024-03-28T19:05:17ZInfluence of institutional factors on tree cover in public primary schools in Kisumu county, KenyaAmolloh, Melyne Achienghttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/55842022-12-20T13:55:03Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZInfluence of institutional factors on tree cover in public primary schools in Kisumu county, Kenya
Amolloh, Melyne Achieng
The entire world benefits from diverse forest biological compositions and services. However, due to natural calamities and human activities, Kenya had only 7.4% forest cover against its 2010 Constitution’s minimum of 10%, and Kisumu County had 0.44% forest cover. Besides, reforestation efforts have been jeopardized by increasing land demands; therefore, tree cover has been a great complement to forest cover. Despite having substantial land, the development performance indicators for schools worldwide focused on infrastructural design compared to other land uses. Studies have been done on the influence of green spaces on curriculum and recommendations given for a study on the influence of curriculum on green spaces. Studies have also found that students' classroom learning about ESD is reinforced by the school’s formal and informal messages promoted by the school's rules, values, and actions. Thus, the study aimed at determining the influence of institutional factors on tree cover in public primary schools in Kisumu County. Specific objectives were to; determine the influence of school land-use practices on tree population; assess the influence of school curriculum on tree species and establish the relationship between school ground greening the rules and the tree abundance in public primary schools. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study with the individual public primary school as the unit of analysis. Using Mugenda & Mugenda (2003), 20% (124) of the schools were subjected to the study. Every 5th school was drawn from a list of all the public primary schools in the County using a systematic random sampling method. Pilot testing was done in 12 (10% of the sampled number); item analysis reliability and content validity were used to test the instruments used for data collection. Questionnaires were self-administered to school heads and responses were harmonized using focus group discussions with teachers and pupils. Further, representatives from the education, forestry, and administrative sectors and parents were interviewed. Observation and desk studies were also used as supplements. Qualitative data were organized into themes and categories then the pattern, trends, and relationships among them were established and presented in the text. Simple descriptive statistics, product-moment correlation and linear regression analysis were conducted to determine the relationships between institutional factors and tree cover in schools, and the were results presented in simple tables and charts. The study established that public primary schools averagely occupy 3.26Ha with approximately 23.7% unused spaces. There was a strong positive correlation between school land-use practices and tree population (r=0.843); a weak positive correlation between the three forms of the curriculum studied and tree species (curricular, r=0.125, co-curricular, r=0.393, extracurricular, r=0.18) and a modest positive correlation between school ground greening policies (r=0.43) and tree cover in public primary schools. In conclusion, institutional factors positively influenced tree cover in public primary schools. Therefore, the study recommended partial use of the unused spaces to bring up active woodlots or gardens. Teaching and learning to include outdoor lessons with tree planting and management activities; clubs to be intensified and the number of participants in extra-curricular activities be increased. Lastly, schools to emphasize environmental consciousness in their motto/mission/vision statements and have ground greening rules
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZDeterminants of utilization of research findings and policy implication on environmental management among fisher folks in Kisumu city, kenyaONYANGO, Godfrey Otienohttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/52472022-05-12T11:06:24Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZDeterminants of utilization of research findings and policy implication on environmental management among fisher folks in Kisumu city, kenya
ONYANGO, Godfrey Otieno
Around the world, human activities such as resource exploitation and pollution have put the natural environment in peril. Lake Victoria is no exception to this dilemma, as it suffers from pollution and over-exploitation of its resources, yet supporting a diverse range of socio-economic activity. In the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB), many empirical studies on environmental and fisheries research have been conducted, but only a few have been used or distributed to fishermen, despite the fact that policies exist to encourage the use of research findings. Despite the availability of study findings and policy, Kisumu City continues to face ecosystem health issues such as poor water quality, inadequate fish product handling, and diminishing fish catches. This is most likely due to resource users' inadequate application of study findings. As a result, the purpose of this research was to investigate the factors that influence research utilization and policy implications in environmental management among Kisumu City fisherfolks. The goal of this study was to determine how socioeconomic factors, information distribution channels, and policy issues influenced how research findings were used in environmental and fisheries management. In this study, a cross-sectional research design was used. From a population of 15,179 fisherfolks, 384 were chosen using stratified random selection. The household data was collected, and the unit of analysis was the household head, who may be either a father or a mother. Data was collected from policymakers at County and National level. Purposive sampling was used to choose all 11 policymakers for the research. The two sets of questionnaires used to collect data from fishermen and policymakers were piloted in Nyamuare and Homa-bay counties. A cronch alpha of 0.8 demonstrated significant ralibility of questionnaires. 8 key informants were purposively sampled and interviewed. 9 Focus Group Discussions were conducted using FGD guide. Analysis of the data revealed that 52.8% and 63.8% of fisherfolks had no access to environmental research findings and fisheries research findings respectively. Radio 23.36%, television 17.10% and public baraza 15.8% were the most prefered channels for deseminating research findings. Accordingly, 55% of the policymakers revealed that environmental research disseminating policy exist but 83% of them decried of no political good will from the government and lack of financial resources leading to poor utilization of environmental and fisheries research findings. Chi-Square test revealed that under socioeconomics, education (0.020) was significant influencer of utilization of fisheries research finding at p value 0.05. Furthermore, the most preferred dissemination channels of environmental study findings were radio (p=0.001), television (p=0.000), and newspaper (p=0.000) at (p <0.05). It was recommended that capacity buildings and intensified social support network like cash transfer was necessary to increase utilization of environmental research. More environmental and fisheries research finding information should be disseminated through radios and public baraza. Increased fundings and minimum political interference in pertinent environmental issues would improve environmental quality in LVB. This findings will enhance effective dissemination and application of environmental and fisheries research findings by Government and fisherfolks respectively for improvement of environmental and fisheries management.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZThe influence of artisanal gold mining on agricultural land in Ikolomani sub-county Kakamega county, KenyaANDEYO, Grace Onokahttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/52282022-05-09T13:20:05Z2021-01-01T00:00:00ZThe influence of artisanal gold mining on agricultural land in Ikolomani sub-county Kakamega county, Kenya
ANDEYO, Grace Onoka
In the entire world, 40.5 million people were directly engaged in artisanal gold mining (AGM). In Kenya, AGM is characterized with; massive clearing of vegetation and land destruction in AGM areas, overnight conversion of once arable and grazing land to AGM activities, replacement of once arable and grazing land with heaps of debris, overburden and open pits from AGM activities associated to income generation. In Ikoloman Sub County, AGM activities are intensive, notwithstanding the fact that, the Sub County is endowed with fertile soils and high amounts of rainfall nonetheless crop yields are generally low, with maize and beans yields being below 0.9 tones. This points to the fact that AGM poses a serious threat to agricultural land in Ikolomani Sub County. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the influence of AGM on agricultural land in Ikolomani Sub County of Kakamega County. The specific objectives of the study were to: examine the influence of AGM income on the acreage of arable land; determine the influence of the acreage of land under AGM on food crop yields; and establish the influence of acreage of land under AGM on livestock grazing area in Ikolomani Sub County. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was employed. A minimum sample size of 273 households was drawn from a study population of 950 households engaging in AGM on their farming land using Fisher’s formula. Random sampling was used to identify household heads engaging in AGM from the thirteen Sub Locations of Ikolomani Sub County. Purposive sampling was used to identify key informants such as artisanal gold mining opinion leaders, chiefs, village elders, officers from Petroleum and Mining and Agricultural departments who were interviewed in Sub locations. Primary data were collected through questionnaires administered to household heads, interview schedules for key informants, Focus Group Discussions, and photography .Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics: percentages, frequencies, means, and simple linear regression. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically along the research objectives and presented in narrative form. Simple linear regression was used to predict the influence of: AGM income on acreage of arable land; acreage of land under AGM on food crop yields; acreage of land under AGM on livestock grazing area. The findings were presented in the form of tables, graphs, plates and discussions. The results show that 63% (r2=0.63,p < 0.05) of the variation of acreage of arable land can be explained by income from AGM. That acreage of arable land had reduced considerably as farmers practiced or leased it out for monetary gains from AGM. About 55% (r2=0.55,p < 0.05)of the variation of food crop yields can be explained by acreage of land under AGM. This can be explained by the fact that: the acreage of arable land has been taken up for artisanal gold mining activities such as; construction of mining factories, makeshift structures for miners , the land was compacted due to human traffic, motor cycles and degraded rendering it infertile and pools of stagnant water had offered conducive breeding conditions for mosquitoes leading to rampant malaria spread limiting the populace in engagement in productive farming thereby reducing on food crop yields. The acreage of land under AGM explained only 16% (r2=0.16,p < 0.05)variation of livestock grazing area. That livestock grazing area had been put under AGM concessions, heaps of debris and overburden had consumed livestock grazing area non-bio generable sacks sprawled the livestock grazing area and livestock grazing area had been flooded by water pumped by AGM miners to the surface. Using the results policy makers and society at large can gain insight on how AGM is influencing agriculture land. This will assist in control and management of AGM activities in Ikolomani Sub County.
2021-01-01T00:00:00ZAn assessment of the viability and potential of bamboo Micro enterprises in environmental conservation and Poverty alleviation in Nairobi city, KenyaASMA, Hadi Awadhhttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/52082022-04-27T07:08:01Z2010-01-01T00:00:00ZAn assessment of the viability and potential of bamboo Micro enterprises in environmental conservation and Poverty alleviation in Nairobi city, Kenya
ASMA, Hadi Awadh
Nairobi, Kenya's capital city has undergone rapid urbanization which has been associated
with a number of development challenges. Key among these challenges is deterioration
in urban environment and urban poverty. Bamboo is a fast growing, renewable,
widespread, low cost, environment enhancing resource with great potential in
environmental conservation and poverty alleviation. It has been established that bamboo
has at least 1500 uses. Bamboo micro-enterprises (BMEs) have recently been put-up in
Dagoretti, Kawangware, Karen, Gigiri and the city center of Nairobi, but their
contribution to livelihood incomes and environment conservation had previously not been
established. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to: explore the sourcing,
processing of bamboo as well as the selling and marketing of bamboo products;
determine the contribution of BMEs to livelihood incomes; examine the contribution of
BMEs to urban environmental conservation; and assess factors influencing the
sustainability of BMEs. Snowball sampling was used in primary data collection using
questionnaires and interview schedules. A total of 13·key informants were interviewed
and 60 questionnaires were administered to proprietors, employees, traders, customers. In
addition, observations and photography were also used in data collection. Secondary data
were collected from text books, scientific journals, periodicals, reports, published and
unpublished theses, International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) data bank
and Internet. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as means
and percentages. Qualitative data were organized and then categorized into themes and
patterns, and then the usefulness of the information was evaluated in answering research
questions. The study established that the BMEs are providing employment to urban
residents who would otherwise have been unemployed and poor; bamboo was also used
in several environmental rehabilitation and conservation initiatives in the city. The
bamboo nurseries provide bamboo seedlings for aesthetic uses in the residential areas and
city centre for beatification and greening programmes; they also provide seedlings' for the
city afforestation programmes. The bamboo jua kali (furniture and artifact) sector
provides items from a sustainable renewable resource with minimal and bio-degradable
wastes. The study revealed that the sustainability of the BMEs is influenced by
ecological, economic, socio-cultural, technological and' political/legal factors. Bamboo is
a versatile crop with many uses. It is a high-yield natural resource and a viable
replacement for wood in many scenarios. Bamboo in the BMEs was sourced mainly
from the outskirts of Nairobi, was processed using simple technology and bamboo
products were sold without formal marketing strategies. The bamboo sector is fairly new
and has many untapped opportunities and the government needs to be more proactive and
facilitate its citizens in exploiting the sector. More women need to be sensitized and
recruited into the BMEs so as to start their home businesses such as weaving and making
toothpicks and skewers.
2010-01-01T00:00:00ZRole of informal plastic waste recovery in solid waste Management and planning in Kisumu town, KenyaGICHANA, Evans Magetohttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/51822022-04-25T07:30:31Z2010-01-01T00:00:00ZRole of informal plastic waste recovery in solid waste Management and planning in Kisumu town, Kenya
GICHANA, Evans Mageto
The rapid rate of urbanization throughout the world has contributed to increased amounts
of waste thus pausing difficulties for disposal The problem is more acute in developing
countries including Kenya, where economic growth as well as urbanization is faster.
Plastics have become a major threat due to their non-biodegradability and high visibility
in the waste stream. Their presence in the waste stream causes a serious problem when
there is lack of efficient end of life management of plastic waste. Inadequate management
of plastic waste in Kisumu is as a result of lack of integration of the informal recovery
sector into the formal solid waste management within the municipality. The main
objective of this study was to examine the role of informal plastic waste recovery in solid
waste management and planning in Kisumu Town, Kenya. The study explored the
existing approaches, practices and impacts of plastic waste recycling and reuse by the
informal sector. A sample size of 80 WPs out of 200 identified during the reconnaissance
was selected for the study. The sample size was determined using a table developed by
Bartllet, Kotrlik and Higgins for determining minimum sample size from a given
population size for continuous and categorical data. Systematic random sampling
technique was used to select the 80 respondents from ten identified sites. The study
applied qualitative and quantitative techniques in collecting primary and secondary data.
The data was analyzed, interpreted and presented using measure of central tendency,
statistical tables and graphs. The result of the study indicated that 47% of the respondents
are found within the age bracket of 10-18 years who are within the school going age. This
raises the concern about care and parental responsibility in which the respondents gave
varied views as to why they engaged in waste picking. Majority of WPs (70%) of them
engaged in waste picking in order to get income against 5% who said they were keen on
cleaning the environment. The results also indicated that a well-established network
exists in the informal recovery sector involving waste pickers, waste dealers and
factories. About eight hundred households in Kisumu depend on the recovery of plastic
waste materials in order to make a living. The activities have proved profitable and play
an important role in waste management. Furthermore, lack of a formal recycling system
has made it possible for the informal sector to flourish with minimal government
interference. The government's neglect of the work of informal plastic recovery sector as well as civil society's lack of trust has proved to be one of the mam difficulties
confronting the sector. This research recommended that it is essential that the government
starts to recognize the role of the informal sector by putting in place a policy framework
that can guide plastic waste recovery systems by incorporating informal recycling
activities into sustainable plastic waste management systems.
2010-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Impacts of Unplanned Growth of Nyalenda Informal Settlement on Environment and Public Health, Kisumu Municipality, KenyaAJULU, .Alfred Ohttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/51782022-04-23T09:36:53Z2010-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Impacts of Unplanned Growth of Nyalenda Informal Settlement on Environment and Public Health, Kisumu Municipality, Kenya
AJULU, .Alfred O
The unplanned growth of Nyalenda informal settlement, in Kisumu Municipality, is
rapid. Consequently, this urban dwelling faces numerous problems such as high
concentration of human population that affect the environment and public.health either in
the form of over-exploitation of natural resources for survival or environmental
degradation through accumulation of wastes. Therefore, the objectives of this study were
to: determine the environmental and public health problems associated with the
unplanned growth of Nyalenda informal settlement; examine whether the unplanned
growth of Nyalenda had led to bacteriological pollution of surface and ground water
resources; and assess the effects of unplanned growth of Nyalenda on vegetation cover
over time. The study area had approximately 11,822 households (family units averaging 5
persons each) from which a sample size of 76 household heads were interviewed.
Purposive sampling was used to collect in-depth information on environmental and
public health problems and vegetation cover changes over time. Water samples were
randomly selected from 40 wells and 18 samples from Wigwa stream, from ih July 2008
to 22nd August 2008, for laboratory analysis to determine the level of pollution by
Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Vibrio cholerae. Data was collected, using in-depth
interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions and observations. Quantitative data
generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean, range, percentages and
frequencies. Qualitative data were analyzed by identifying the themes, categories and
patterns, then further scrutinizing the data to determine the adequacy of information in
answering the research questions. The study revealed that the most common
environmental diseases in Nyalenda informal settlement mentioned by the respondents
are; malaria (90%), diarrheal diseases (36%), typhoid (32%), chest complications (6%).
The causes of these diseases were attributed to poor sanitation (58%) and pollution of
water (36%), by the respondents. The respondents also attributed the mode of spread of
these diseases, except malaria which is vector borne, to consumption of polluted water
(80%). Laboratory analysis revealed that water from the wells had an average of 17
coloniesl1 00 ml of sample of Escherichia coli with a range of 0-68 coloniesl1 OOml
sample. Only 12% of wells sampled had nil E. coli colonies. The average count of
organisms in stream water was 6 colonies 11OOml sample, with a range of 0-14
coloniesl1 OOmlsample. The average levels of the colonies observed were above safe and
recommended limits for drinking water and other uses. The results also showed that
88.9% of the stream samples were positive for Ecoli presence. Tests for Salmonella spp
in water confirmed the presence of the organism in both well (20%) and stream (27.7%)
samples. Vibro cholerae detection in the laboratory showed that all the samples from both
the wells and the stream waters tested negative. Clearly, 76% of the respondents werein
agreement that vegetation cover had deteriorated, tremendously, over time in Nya1enda
and they, further, attributed this trend to human settlement (80%). The study also found
out that many wetlands that supported several plant species had been drained to give way
to human settlement There is need to disinfect all the water wells before embarking on
"boil water" campaign, proper lining of the pit latrines and proper protection to prevent
surface water from entering the wells and residents of Nyalenda should avoid use of
Wigwa stream water for domestic purposes.
Masters Theses
2010-01-01T00:00:00ZAssessing Sources, Levels and Discharge Loads of Nitrogen And Phosphorus of River KISAT into Lake Victoria - Kisumu Municipality, KenyaALUOCH, Joyce Omondihttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/51292022-03-25T07:24:59Z2012-01-01T00:00:00ZAssessing Sources, Levels and Discharge Loads of Nitrogen And Phosphorus of River KISAT into Lake Victoria - Kisumu Municipality, Kenya
ALUOCH, Joyce Omondi
River Kisat is a perennial river draining the Mamboleo - Kisumu basin between Latitude
0°04'12.42" S and Longitude 34°46'33.86" E to the North and Latitude 0°05' 13.52" S and
34°45'00.15" E to the South. It drains a distance of about 10 Kms through Industrial, Slums
and Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) areas into Winam Gulf. The river is polluted from various
sources of pollutants ranging from non-point to point sources. This has resulted in changes in
the trophic status of the lake at Winam Gulf from mesotrophic to hypertrophic. Pollution in the
lake has reduced biotic abundance and diversity. A study was therefore designed on River
Kisat, which is believed by many researchers as one of the major source of pollution into Lake
Victoria, to generate data and results that will aid in the management of Lake Victoria water
pollution and its probable source River Kisat. The specific objectives of this study were; to
identify main point and non-point sources of pollution to River Kisat, to determine the
pollution status of River Kisat through measurement of Nitrogen and Phosphorus nutrient
concentration levels, and to establish the amount of Nitrogen and Phosphorus discharge loads
into Winam gulf from River Kisat. The study was conducted during wet and dry seasons for a
period of one year (2009) in order to capture the seasonality and was confined to 8 stations
(STN 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8) within the course of River Kisat, located at probable sources of
pollution. The samples were collected from the middle of the channel through scoop method
while sediments were collected using grab method. Samples from selected run-offs causes,
during rainy season, were also collected. Sampling containers were first cleaned and samples
pretreated using 0.02N HCl. The samples were then stored under refrigeration at temperatures
of 4°C before analyses. The data obtained from the analyses were then subjected to statistical
analyses using Excel spreadsheet by comparing variations between stations and between
months through line graphs, bar charts, and descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The DO
concentration levels between stations ranged between 1.33,(STN 6) and 4.11 mg/l (STN 8).
The pH levels ranged between 7.00 (STN 6) and 7.41 (STN 3). In terms of nutrient (N & P)
concentrations at STN 6 exhibited low concentrations but probably one of the main pollutant of
the river. The NH4+ concentrations within the river course between stations ranged between
0.15 (STN 7) and 1.89 mg/l (STN 4) with a maximum in STN 4. The NH/ concentration is
high during dry season but low during wet season. The N02- concentrations between stations
ranged between 0.04 (STN 7 & 8) and 0.23 mg/l (STN 5). N03- ranged between 0.35 (STN 8)
and 0.96 mg/l (STN 5). The N03- concentrations increases with increase in discharge. SRP and
TP concentrations ranged from 0.16 to 1.04 mg/l and 0.21to 1.39 mg/l respectively. STN 4 is
the main contributor of SRP. The total discharge load in a year during the study period is
estimated at 140.5 tons/year. The TN concentrations shoot with increasing discharge rates. TP
load per year is estimated at 155.8 tons/year. The TP also increases with discharge rates but at a
lower scale compared to TN. The DO concentrations are low compared to standard guidelines
for drinking and aquatic life. The nitrogen species concentration levels for both fisheries and
domestic use falls within recommendable levels except for NH/. The concentration levels of
nitrogen species tend to increase with decreasing discharges except for N03- and to some extent
N02-. The phosphorus levels are very high compared to water quality standard for fisheries but
within recommendable levels for drinking. The major pollution sources, both point and nonpoint,
lies between STN's 1-6. STN 7 and 8 are near the river source devoid of major
developments and are therefore less polluted. The government should therefore introduce a
policy of Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) with the revenue collected plowed back into cleaning
the river. These data would be important to policy makers like Municipal Council of Kisumu
(MCK),National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya Marine and Ministry
of Public Health, Lake Basin Development Authority (LBDA).
2012-01-01T00:00:00ZAssessment of the effects of pesticides used on floricultural farms on water quality and \water bird numbers in lake Naivasha,KenyaKAOGA, James Otienohttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/50432022-03-14T08:47:18Z2013-01-01T00:00:00ZAssessment of the effects of pesticides used on floricultural farms on water quality and \water bird numbers in lake Naivasha,Kenya
KAOGA, James Otieno
Lake Naivasha and its environs experienced increased levels of pesticideapplication due to the direct flow of agrochemicals pollution into water bodies from rapid expanding floricultural farms. The situation had recently raised speculation having attracted public attention following thousands of fish deaths earlier reported. The Lake is under threat of losing its water birds a phenomenon linked to water quality degradation. However, there is no specific research which has been done on the effects of pesticide residue on water physico-chemical parameters and water bird numbers within the shores of Lake Naivasha. The Organochlorine pesticide residues previously detected is persistent in the environment and bio-accumulates in the body tissue of water birds while, the Organophosphate pesticides which had been adopted as an alternative to Organochlorine pesticides are highly toxic to water birds. The occurrences of pesticide residue in water provide a dietary pathway to the aquatic ecosystem which contributes to reduction of water bird numbers. The study investigated the effects of Organochlorine and Organophosphate pesticide residues on water quality and how they affect water bird numbers. The specific objectives of the study were: to determine water physico-chemical parameters, to determine the concentration of Organophosphate and Organochlorine pesticides and lastly, investigate the effects of water quality on water bird numbers within the shores of Lake Naivasha. Longitudinal study design was adopted between February to July, 2011 (6 months). The sampling sites were selected on the basis of their relevance as point sources of pesticide contamination and uniqueness in the nature of discharge released into the Lake. Three replicates of water samples were collected giving 18 water samples per site, totalling to 90 samples. These samples were subjected to water quality analysis and Gas Liquid Chromatography technique while, the ecological study of water birds focussed on their numbers. The study targeted bird's beak since this feature was conspicuous while the counts were based on standardised belt transects method. The data generated were recorded on Microsoft excel spread sheets and subjected to analysis while applying Statistical Package of Social Science using one way ANOV A at p<0.05. The results revealed that the water samples tested were in compliance with World Health Organisation and Kenya Bureau of Standards recommended guidelines in regard to physicochemical parameters standards while, Organochlorine and Organophosphate pesticide residues were not detected. The results also revealed an increase in the water bird abundance. It was concluded that lack of these pesticide residues and an increase in water bird abundance was due the current conservation measures preventing water pollution in the Lake. The study further, recommended continuous monitoring and conservation measures to be maintained.
2013-01-01T00:00:00ZAssessment of the sustainable utilization and management of papyrus (cyperus papyrus ) in Dunga wetland,Kisumu municipality, KenyaWEKESA, Amos Wafulahttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/50282022-03-10T08:29:59Z2013-01-01T00:00:00ZAssessment of the sustainable utilization and management of papyrus (cyperus papyrus ) in Dunga wetland,Kisumu municipality, Kenya
WEKESA, Amos Wafula
Papyrus, a natural wetland product is an important resource for man's livelihood, and ecosystem functions. Its value in the past was not fully recognized, thus degraded. Its loss and degradation leads to loss of local livelihoods and ecosystem services. Unplanned land use in towns around papyrus ecosystem has compromised papyrus stability and functioning. Its exploitation in Dunga has been so intensified and threatened towards extinction. There is need to use papyrus wisely for environmental services and alleviation of poverty. Under the present conditions conservation of papyrus does not seem to succeed. However, during the last years significant initiatives from community, organizations and authorities have been promoted to change the situation. These current efforts seem neither enough nor totally effective to avoid papyrus depletion in urban areas. The study was conducted in the period of July - August 2007 area around Dunga wetland in Kisumu Municipality on the shores of Lake Victoria to establish utilization and management of papyrus. The objectives of the study included, to: investigate the socio-economic characteristics of Dunga Human Population; determine the state of utilization and harvesting challenges of papyrus in Dunga wetland; examine factors contributing to unsustainable utilization and management of papyrus; and generate a management model of papyrus in Dunga wetland. The study area population is about 45,375 in 13,956 households. A total random sample of 337 households engaged in papyrus harvesting, management and crafts along the edge of the wetland were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Additional key informants interviews, focused group discussions, field surveys, photography and review of existing literature was conducted to collect data on papyrus use and its management systems. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results showed that demographics, poverty situation and social vulnerability factors led to uncontrolled use of papyrus. Utilization of papyrus was in two ways in Dunga; either commercial or non-commercial. About 81.3 % of respondents produce papyrus mats intensively for markets. Papyrus use is considered family occupation for alternative source of income and domestic use. Papyrus is abundantly used to make herbal medicine, construct houses, make fences, brooms as well as used as fuel wood among non-commercial uses. There is increasing rate of using papyrus to make value added items to fetch more incomes. The harvesting of papyrus is done randomly, a reason for great depletion of papyrus stocks in the wetland. The main challenges of harvesting papyrus include risks of drowning, insect bites and scares from animals as well as conflicts among papyrus harvesters, fishermen and livestock herders. The economic, social, settlement patterns and population growth factors have both direct and indirect impact on utilization of papyrus. Unsustainable management of papyrus is contributed by institutional factors such as weak urban planning, property rights
VI
and land tenure, lack of conservation education and public awareness programmes, collapsed traditional conservation strategies, low community participation and legal and institutional framework. Sustainable development options have been recommended to improve papyrus use for improved livelihoods and sustainability. Papyrus can be utilized sustainably if trainings, diversification of income sources and value addition techniques are employed. Other options may include environmental planning and development of indirect uses of papyrus swamps such as recreation and eco-tourism, set aside for research, educational sites and agro forestry. Integrated scientific and indigenous knowledge systems can improve skills for wise use of papyrus. Local participation in papyrus management is of critical importance. Women, children and youth roles should be identified and strengthened. Established legal and institutional framework on papyrus in Kenya can protect papyrus swamps.
Masters Thesis
2013-01-01T00:00:00ZAn assessment of sanitation situation and potential for applying public private partnership in its management in lower Migosi estate, Kisumu city, KenyaATIENO, Selelah. Okothhttps://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/50182022-03-09T07:24:04Z2013-01-01T00:00:00ZAn assessment of sanitation situation and potential for applying public private partnership in its management in lower Migosi estate, Kisumu city, Kenya
ATIENO, Selelah. Okoth
Achieving sustainable Environmental Sanitation Management (ESM) in urban centres especially in developing countries is difficult unless urban authorities involve all stakeholders in adopting in urban wide strategy. Kisumu City faces sanitation challenges which stem from inadequate provision of basic sanitation services by the legally mandated institutions. This study was undertaken in Kisumu City in order to generate data necessary to develop a model for partnership engagement among all stakeholders in environmental sanitation management. The specific objectives of the study were to: assess the status of environmental sanitation management in Migosi Estate; examine the existing policies, legislations and institutional/organizational roles in ESM; and investigate the potential of public-private partnership (PPP) approaches in environmental sanitation management. The sample frame included City Council of Kisumu, Lake Victoria South Water Services Board, government institutions, Community Based Organizations, private sector institutions and households. The households were sourced from a planned settlement within middle income households (Lower Migosi Estate). The target population for Lower Migosi Estate was 200 households from which 120 households were sampled using stratified and systematic random sampling techniques. Primary data were collected through questionnaires, key informant interviews, observations and photography. Secondary data were collected from available literature and existing information. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages while qualitative data were analyzed by coding and organization of data into themes and categories, then evaluating the usefulness of information for answering research questions. The study found out that: the status of ESM in Migosi Estate was deplorable despite the fact that it is a planned middle income estate; there were weak institutional .and legal frameworks that led to overlaps and disconnect among the institutions undertaking their duties towards addressing ESM challenges; and PPP as an approach to ESM was not existent. It was concluded that: the status of ESM is poor; there is weak institutional/legal frameworks and lack of a structured PPP model within Migosi Estate. The study recommended the need for an inclusive engagement for all players in ESM; harmonization of the conflicting legislations on ESM and piloting of PPP in' ESM.
2013-01-01T00:00:00Z